On 7 August 2015, the seafarer entered into a 9-month employment contract with Beks Gemi Isletmeciligi Ve Ticaret A.S. through its agent, Status Maritime Corporation, to work as a fitter.
Before boarding the vessel, the seafarer underwent a pre-employment medical examination and was declared fit to work.
On 25 March 2016, the seafarer’s shoulder snapped and was dislocated while he was allegedly lifting a heavy object. He was repatriated and recommended for surgical repair after being diagnosed with recurrent left shoulder dislocation.
Immediately after repatriation, the seafarer reported to Status Maritime, which referred him to the company-designated physician. Although the company-designated physician initially recommended that the seafarer undergo an MRI, Status Maritime disapproved of the procedure and rejected the seafarer’s sickness allowance claim.
The seafarer then consulted his personal doctor. After undergoing an MRI, the seafarer was diagnosed with “Rotator cuff tear (Supraspinatus), left shoulder.” Said personal doctor declared him permanently disabled and “unfit to work” as a seafarer.
On 16 June 2016, the seafarer filed a complaint for permanent total disability benefits before the Office of the Labor Arbiter.
The Office of the Labor Arbiter found that when the seafarer underwent pre-employment medical examination, he misrepresented that he was not suffering from any illness. However, when he was diagnosed abroad, he admitted to a certain Dr. Selvarajah that it was already his third time to sustain a left shoulder dislocation and that two episodes occurred before he boarded the vessel.
The Office of the Labor Arbiter added that even if the seafarer did not conceal his medical history, he still could not claim disability benefits because his injury was not work-related. While his condition manifested onboard, the seafarer failed to show the connection of his injury to the nature of his work as a fitter. For his failure to present substantial evidence that his work condition caused or aggravated his injury, the seafarer was accordingly denied his claim for disability benefits.
When the case reached the Supreme Court, the seafarer asserted the following:
- No diagnosis was made by a company-designated physician. Dr. Selvarajah, a foreign doctor, was not a company-designated physician and, therefore, not qualified to make conclusive findings. The failure of a company-designated physician to give a definite medical finding after the period set under the POEA Standard Employment Contract renders his disability permanent and total.
- He did not willfully conceal his medical condition during his pre-employment medical examination. He merely forgot to disclose his medical history and, being a layman without medical background, thought there was no need to disclose this information.
- There was a presumption of fitness which was uncontroverted by evidence.
- His medical condition should have been detected during the pre-employment medical examination because it was an apparent and external injury. Status Maritime was estopped because it had all the opportunity to screen him for the injury.
Did Status Maritime comply with its obligation to refer the seafarer to a company-designated physician?
The requirement of a post-employment medical examination can be gleaned in the provisions of Section 20 (A) of the POEA Standard Employment Contract.1SECTION 20. Compensation and Benefits. —
A. Compensation and Benefits for Injury or Illness
The liabilities of the employer when the seafarer suffers work-related injury or illness during the term of his contract are as follows:
1) The employer shall continue to pay the seafarer his wages during the time he is on board the ship;
2) If the injury or illness requires medical and/or dental treatment in a foreign port, the employer shall be liable for the full cost of such medical, serious dental, surgical and hospital treatment as well as board and lodging until the seafarer is declared fit to work or to be repatriated. However, if after repatriation, the seafarer still requires medical attention arising from said injury or illness, he shall be so provided at cost to the employer until such time he is declared fit or the degree of his disability has been established by the company-designated physician.
3) In addition to the above obligation of the employer to provide medical attention, the seafarer shall also receive sickness allowance from his employer in an amount equivalent to his basic wage computed from the time he signed off until he is declared fit to work or the degree of disability has been assessed by the company-designated physician. The period within which the seafarer shall be entitled to his sickness allowance shall not exceed 120 days. Payment of the sickness allowance shall be made on a regular basis, but not less than once a month.
The seafarer shall be entitled to reimbursement of the cost of medicines prescribed by the company-designated physician. In case treatment of the seafarer is on an out-patient basis as determined by the company-designated physician, the company shall approve the appropriate mode of transportation and accommodation. The reasonable cost of actual traveling expenses and/or accommodation shall be paid subject to liquidation and submission of official receipts and/or proof of expenses.
For this purpose, the seafarer shall submit himself to a post-employment medical examination by a company-designated physician within three working days upon his return except when he is physically incapacitated to do so, in which case, a written notice to the agency within the same period is deemed as compliance. In the course of the treatment, the seafarer shall also report regularly to the company-designated physician specifically on the dates as prescribed by the company-designated physician and agreed to by the seafarer. Failure of the seafarer to comply with the mandatory reporting requirement shall result in his forfeiture of the right to claim the above benefits.
If a doctor appointed by the seafarer disagrees with the assessment, a third doctor may be agreed jointly between the Employer and the seafarer. The third doctor’s decision shall be final and binding on both parties.
4) Those illnesses not listed in Section 32 of this Contract are disputably presumed as work-related.
Jurisprudence teaches that the conduct of the post-employment medical examination is a reciprocal obligation shared by the seafarer and the employer. The seafarer is obliged to submit to an examination within 3 working days from his or her arrival, and the employer is correspondingly obliged to conduct a meaningful and timely examination of the seafarer.2Ebuenga v. Southfield Agencies, Inc., G.R. No. 208396, March 14, 2018.
This post-employment medical examination is primarily conducted by the company-designated physician.3Orient Hope Agencies, Inc. v. Jara, G.R. No. 204307 , June 6, 2018. However, to be reliable, the assessment or findings of the company-designated physician must be “complete and definite to give the proper disability benefits to seafarers.” When the employer refuses to comply with its obligation to have the seafarer examined, the seafarer may rely on the medical findings of his or her chosen doctor.4Ebuenga v. Southfield Agencies, Inc., G.R. No. 208396, March 14, 2018. Between a non-existent medical assessment of a company-designated physician and the medical assessment of the seafarer’s doctor of choice, the latter evidently stands.5Dionio v. ND Shipping Agency and Allied Services, Inc., G.R. No. 231096, August 15, 2018.
In the present case, the Supreme Court found that the seafarer went to Status Maritime immediately after arriving in the Philippines. However, when he requested a medical diagnosis of his condition, Status Maritime refused to subject him to a post-employment medical examination. This compelled the seafarer to go to a doctor of his choice. As noted above, this personal doctor declared him permanently disabled and “unfit to work” as a seafarer.
On the other hand, the Court ruled that Dr. Selvarajah’s diagnosis could not be considered as that rendered by a company-designated physician. This is because a strict reading of the POEA Standard Employment Contract requires that the company-designated physician be the one to diagnose the seafarer upon repatriation.
The Court further stated that even if the rules were to be applied liberally, the assessment of Dr. Selvarajah could not be considered thorough, final, and definitive, as it was merely for the seafarer’s urgent medical care. In Dr. Selvarajah’s medical report, there was no showing that he conducted tests to arrive at a proper diagnosis. In fact, he even recommended for the seafarer to undergo further tests to determine the extent of the injury. Furthermore, Dr. Selverajah’s report explicitly stated that it was not meant for any medicolegal proceedings, that it should not be used as a reference in any court hearing and that it does not support any compensation claim. The provisional nature of Dr. Selvarajah’s diagnosis was further supported by his act of recommending that the seafarer see an orthopedic surgeon for further assessment.
The Court thus ruled that when there is no post-employment medical examination by a company-designated physician, the evaluation of the seafarer’s personal doctor is considered by law as binding between the parties. The refusal of Status Maritime to submit the seafarer to a medical examination was a contravention of its responsibility under the POEA Standard Employment Contract. Thus, the Court upheld the permanent disability rating of the seafarer’s personal doctor.
Was the seafarer qualified to claim disability benefits?
Despite the conclusion of his personal doctor, the Supreme Court declared that the seafarer was disqualified from claiming disability benefits on the ground of fraudulent concealment.
Section 20 (E) of the POEA Standard Employment Contract states that “[a] seafarer who knowingly conceals a pre-existing illness or condition” is disqualified from claiming compensation and benefits.6The provision reads:
SECTION 20. Compensation and Benefits. — x x x
E. A seafarer who knowingly conceals a pre-existing illness or condition in the Pre-Employment Medical Examination (PEME) shall be liable for misrepresentation and shall be disqualified from any compensation and benefits. This is likewise a just cause for termination of employment and imposition of appropriate administrative sanctions. (Emphasis supplied)
In the present case, the Court found that the seafarer knowingly concealed his history of shoulder dislocation. According to the Court, the seafarer had two instances of left shoulder dislocation prior to his employment — once in June 2015 and another in July 2015. Knowing that he had this recurring condition, the seafarer should have disclosed this fact during his pre-employment medical examination. This non-disclosure was apparent in his medical certificate, wherein he answered “no” to the question “Is applicant suffering from any medical condition likely to be aggravated by service at sea or to render the seafarer unfit for service. . .?”
The Court further stated that the seafarer could not bank on the fact that he was cleared during the pre-employment medical examination. Jurisprudence dictates that this examination is not exploratory in nature and employers are not burdened to discover any and all pre-existing medical condition of the seafarer during its conduct. Pre-employment medical examinations are only summary examinations. They only determine whether seafarers are fit to work and does not reflect a comprehensive, in-depth description of the health of an applicant. This is precisely why Section 20 (E) mandates the seafarer to disclose his or her medical history during the pre-employment medical examination.7Status Maritime Corp. v. Spouses Delalamon, G.R. No. 198097, July 30, 2014, 740 PHIL 175-200; Philman Marine Agency, Inc. v. Cabanban, G.R. No. 186509, July 29, 2013, 715 PHIL 454-483
According to the Court, intentional concealment of a pre-existing illness or injury is a ground for disqualification for compensation and benefits under the POEA Standard Employment Contract. While the laws give ample protection to our seafarers, this protection does not condone fraud and dishonesty.
In the present case, the seafarer could not feign ignorance and downplay the concealment of his medical condition. The seafarer knew that he had a recurring shoulder dislocation and never denied this fact. Hence, his disability claim was not granted.
Further reading:
- Clemente v. Status Maritime Corp., G.R. No. 238933, July 1, 2020.
